AGREEABLENESS AND EMOTIONAL STABILITY AS CORRELATES OF STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN ECONOMICS IN ONDO STATE
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background to the Study
Education, indeed, remains the most preeminent development priority area in the world today. The main objective of education, beyond question, is to develop human and enhance its growth. Other things being equal, an educated person who is well or relevantly positioned in the socio-economic, cultural and political milieu is expected to be a valuable asset to the society than other individual who is uneducated perhaps illiterate. This simple truth explains why researchers and scholars in all part of the world, continue to research into ways of improving human knowledge and developing its cognitive skills and abilities. Research on education and human development more generally can hardly be a boring exercise .The socio-polical economic and technological developments, which bring about a high frequency of innovations and reforms, have all combined to make thesis or research on education and human development trendy, exciting and unending (Ogundokun,2010).
The purpose of this research is to examine Agreeableness one of the five Personality Traits otherwise known as “the big five factor” and Emotional stability as correlates of student academic performance. Personality is something everybody knows that it exists, but nobody knows what it is, (Schneewind and Ruppert, 2000),Opinied that it is difficult to put human personality into scientific terms. Personality determines a set of important characteristics and how people interact with others. Personality can be measured as a set of items that usually questions about behavior and feelings to which the Subjects have to respond by agreeing or disagreeing with that question or statements (Kline, 2004). Human Personality is the combination of a number of traits. Traits on the other hand are "enduring dimensions of personality characteristics which differentiates people from one another" (Colman, 2003) in (Daminabo 2008). Traits are therefore the sum total of stable characteristics in a person across different times and situations, which make him or her unique or distinct from others.
However, there has been an increasing interest in the big five personality traits and the role they play as regards academic performance of secondary school students. These traits, popularly known as the 'Big Five’ include Openness To Experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, and Neuroticism. The acronym OCEAN is used to describe them. These personality traits affect academic performance of students, either positively or negatively (Robert Jeff, 2008). Many Students are differ in their personal values and they process information in different ways, their personality traits are different and also their understanding. Personality traits are necessary for student to be successful in life. Personality has been recognized as a determining factor on how student acquire knowledge. (Lawrence, 2002).
Agreeableness, been one of the five personality traits of the big five personality theory. Agreeableness examines the attitudes of an individual towards other people. These attitudes may be soft hearted, trusting, or giving nature, cynical, vengeful, compassionate and ruthless (Piedmont, 2008). Agreeableness is primarily a dimension of interpersonal tendencies. Agreeable person is sympathetic, eager to help, fundamentally altruistic and behaves that others will be equally helpful in return. Agreeable people are more popular than antagonistic individuals, however fight readiness for own interest is advantageous and agreeableness is not a virtue on the battle field (McCare and Costa 2002). Low agreeableness is associated with Antisocial, Paranoid Personality Disorders and Narcissistic, whereas high agreeableness is associated with the Dependent Personality Disorder (McCrae and Costa, 2002).
Agreeableness is an obvious advantage for building secondary school students and maintaining harmony and works in the classroom. It’s a fact that more agreeable people are more likeable than disagreeable people, students who score low agreeableness in a personality test often make excellent scientists critics, or soldier.
Another variable to be considered in this research is Emotional stability. Emotional stability can be defined as having a congruent transition of emotional states and moderate emotional resilience to environmental influences (or cues) (Jtneill, 2010).Someone who has the ability to cope with general changes in the environment, without responding with an intense emotional reaction, is said to be emotionally stable. The ability to stabilise emotion differs from the ability to regulate emotions. The sign of an emotional stability are calmness of mind and freedom from anxiety and depression (Hay and Ashman, 2003).An emotional stable person has the attribute of emotional maturity, self-confidence and stability in their plans and affections (Pavlenko, 2009).
Emotional stability is not only one of the effective determinants of the personality patterns, but it also helps to control the growth of adolescent development. The concept of stable emotional behavior at any level is that which reflects the fruits of the normal emotional development. An individual who is able to keep his emotions stable and under control even in extreme situations, might still be emotionally stunned or be childish in his behavior sometimes. An emotionally stable child has a capacity to make effective adjustments with himself, members of the family, and his peers in the school, society and culture. However, stability does not mean merely the capacity for such attitudes and functions, but also the ability to enjoy them fully (Martens, 2004). A number of characteristics like the capability of responding in gradation, ability to delay responses, especially negative emotions, freedom from unreasonable fears and the ability to commit mistakes without feeling disgraced etc., are found in an emotionally stable individual. (Sumal,2000) examined the relationship between emotional stability and agreeability. It was observed that emotional stability was positively and significantly related to agreeability. Students who were emotionally stable obtained higher scores on agreeability compared to those who were emotionally unstable. It was concluded that agreeability depends on emotional stability (Aleem, 2005).
Statement of the Problem
The problems of academic performance in studying Economics has assumed a worrisome dimension in the Nigerian educational system. (Owolabi, 2003) explained that the failure rate in Economics might be attributed among other reasons to lack of interpreting, explaining, analyzing and evaluating Economics questions. Therefore several factors have been researched into the past as to the cause of this educational malaise, but there seem to be indications that some hidden factors may be responsible that needs unraveling. This desire to see this problem curbed gave rise to this research and the researchers’ aim is to see if there is a way in which agreeableness one of the big five personality traits and emotional stability can help, especially from the perspective of the analytical and scientific approach of measurement and evaluation.
Purpose of the Study
The purpose of this study is to investigate agreeableness and emotional stability as correlates of students’ academic performance in economics in Ondo State, Nigeria. The remaining purpose of the study is therefore to:
i. Find out if there is any significant relationship between emotional stability and students’ academic performance in economics
ii. Find out if there is any significant relationship between agreeableness and students’ academic performance in economics
iii. Find out the correlation between agreeableness and emotional stability on academic performance in Economics
iv. To give recommendations to improve the situation and for further research.
Research Question
To achieve the above objectives of the study, the following questions were postulated:
i. Are there differences in students’ agreeableness and emotional stability according to their gender?
ii. In what degree does the student emotional stability predict their academic performance in the studying of economics in secondary schools?
iii. Does gender affects agreeableness and emotional stability of academic performance of secondary schools student in studying economics
iv. What is the composite effect of the agreeableness and emotional stability on academic performance of student?
Significance of the Study
The purpose of the study is based on agreeableness and emotional stability as correlates of students’ academic performance, agreeableness being one of the factors affecting intelligence and cognitive faculties may have some role on academic performance of students. To formulate intervention measures and counseling objectives this research results can be taken as one of the input. This research study may further help to develop an awareness and insight among the Economics students at large with regard to their emotionality and academic performance. Further development on this research can be used for all stake holders in the education sector. Research results can as well be used as an integral part of counseling to improve academic performance.
Scope of the study
The scope of this study is to investigate the agreeableness and emotional stability as correlates of students’ academic performance in economics in Ondo State. The study covered the three (3) senatorial districts in Ondo State. That is, two (2) Senior Secondary School were selected from each senatorial district, which makeup of six (6) secondary schools all together. The study involved only the student between the ages of 15 to 21 years olds.
Delimitation of the Study
The study was carried out in Ondo State, which is located in South West region of Nigeria in West Africa. The study was limited to selected senior secondary school students from SS1 to SSS3 in public schools in Ondo State, and other environmental constraints that restrict the research of the study.
Definition of Terms
Agreeableness: can be defined as the attitudes of an individual towards other people. These attitudes may be soft hearted, trusting, or giving nature, cynical, vengeful, compassionate and ruthless.
Emotional stability: can be defined as having a congruent transition of emotional states and moderate emotional resilience to environmental influences.
Correlates: it means having a mutual relationship or connection, in which one thing affects or depends on another
Students: a person who formally engage in learning activities, especially in schools or college.
Academic performance: is the outcome of education, the extent to which a student, teacher or institution has achieve their educational goals.
Economic Concept: Economics is the study of the production and distribution of goods and services; it is the study of human efforts to satisfy unlimited wants with limited resources. A basic economics concept includes wants, scarcity, opportunity cost, choice and scale of preference.
INTRODUCTION
Background to the Study
Education, indeed, remains the most preeminent development priority area in the world today. The main objective of education, beyond question, is to develop human and enhance its growth. Other things being equal, an educated person who is well or relevantly positioned in the socio-economic, cultural and political milieu is expected to be a valuable asset to the society than other individual who is uneducated perhaps illiterate. This simple truth explains why researchers and scholars in all part of the world, continue to research into ways of improving human knowledge and developing its cognitive skills and abilities. Research on education and human development more generally can hardly be a boring exercise .The socio-polical economic and technological developments, which bring about a high frequency of innovations and reforms, have all combined to make thesis or research on education and human development trendy, exciting and unending (Ogundokun,2010).
The purpose of this research is to examine Agreeableness one of the five Personality Traits otherwise known as “the big five factor” and Emotional stability as correlates of student academic performance. Personality is something everybody knows that it exists, but nobody knows what it is, (Schneewind and Ruppert, 2000),Opinied that it is difficult to put human personality into scientific terms. Personality determines a set of important characteristics and how people interact with others. Personality can be measured as a set of items that usually questions about behavior and feelings to which the Subjects have to respond by agreeing or disagreeing with that question or statements (Kline, 2004). Human Personality is the combination of a number of traits. Traits on the other hand are "enduring dimensions of personality characteristics which differentiates people from one another" (Colman, 2003) in (Daminabo 2008). Traits are therefore the sum total of stable characteristics in a person across different times and situations, which make him or her unique or distinct from others.
However, there has been an increasing interest in the big five personality traits and the role they play as regards academic performance of secondary school students. These traits, popularly known as the 'Big Five’ include Openness To Experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, and Neuroticism. The acronym OCEAN is used to describe them. These personality traits affect academic performance of students, either positively or negatively (Robert Jeff, 2008). Many Students are differ in their personal values and they process information in different ways, their personality traits are different and also their understanding. Personality traits are necessary for student to be successful in life. Personality has been recognized as a determining factor on how student acquire knowledge. (Lawrence, 2002).
Agreeableness, been one of the five personality traits of the big five personality theory. Agreeableness examines the attitudes of an individual towards other people. These attitudes may be soft hearted, trusting, or giving nature, cynical, vengeful, compassionate and ruthless (Piedmont, 2008). Agreeableness is primarily a dimension of interpersonal tendencies. Agreeable person is sympathetic, eager to help, fundamentally altruistic and behaves that others will be equally helpful in return. Agreeable people are more popular than antagonistic individuals, however fight readiness for own interest is advantageous and agreeableness is not a virtue on the battle field (McCare and Costa 2002). Low agreeableness is associated with Antisocial, Paranoid Personality Disorders and Narcissistic, whereas high agreeableness is associated with the Dependent Personality Disorder (McCrae and Costa, 2002).
Agreeableness is an obvious advantage for building secondary school students and maintaining harmony and works in the classroom. It’s a fact that more agreeable people are more likeable than disagreeable people, students who score low agreeableness in a personality test often make excellent scientists critics, or soldier.
Another variable to be considered in this research is Emotional stability. Emotional stability can be defined as having a congruent transition of emotional states and moderate emotional resilience to environmental influences (or cues) (Jtneill, 2010).Someone who has the ability to cope with general changes in the environment, without responding with an intense emotional reaction, is said to be emotionally stable. The ability to stabilise emotion differs from the ability to regulate emotions. The sign of an emotional stability are calmness of mind and freedom from anxiety and depression (Hay and Ashman, 2003).An emotional stable person has the attribute of emotional maturity, self-confidence and stability in their plans and affections (Pavlenko, 2009).
Emotional stability is not only one of the effective determinants of the personality patterns, but it also helps to control the growth of adolescent development. The concept of stable emotional behavior at any level is that which reflects the fruits of the normal emotional development. An individual who is able to keep his emotions stable and under control even in extreme situations, might still be emotionally stunned or be childish in his behavior sometimes. An emotionally stable child has a capacity to make effective adjustments with himself, members of the family, and his peers in the school, society and culture. However, stability does not mean merely the capacity for such attitudes and functions, but also the ability to enjoy them fully (Martens, 2004). A number of characteristics like the capability of responding in gradation, ability to delay responses, especially negative emotions, freedom from unreasonable fears and the ability to commit mistakes without feeling disgraced etc., are found in an emotionally stable individual. (Sumal,2000) examined the relationship between emotional stability and agreeability. It was observed that emotional stability was positively and significantly related to agreeability. Students who were emotionally stable obtained higher scores on agreeability compared to those who were emotionally unstable. It was concluded that agreeability depends on emotional stability (Aleem, 2005).
Statement of the Problem
The problems of academic performance in studying Economics has assumed a worrisome dimension in the Nigerian educational system. (Owolabi, 2003) explained that the failure rate in Economics might be attributed among other reasons to lack of interpreting, explaining, analyzing and evaluating Economics questions. Therefore several factors have been researched into the past as to the cause of this educational malaise, but there seem to be indications that some hidden factors may be responsible that needs unraveling. This desire to see this problem curbed gave rise to this research and the researchers’ aim is to see if there is a way in which agreeableness one of the big five personality traits and emotional stability can help, especially from the perspective of the analytical and scientific approach of measurement and evaluation.
Purpose of the Study
The purpose of this study is to investigate agreeableness and emotional stability as correlates of students’ academic performance in economics in Ondo State, Nigeria. The remaining purpose of the study is therefore to:
i. Find out if there is any significant relationship between emotional stability and students’ academic performance in economics
ii. Find out if there is any significant relationship between agreeableness and students’ academic performance in economics
iii. Find out the correlation between agreeableness and emotional stability on academic performance in Economics
iv. To give recommendations to improve the situation and for further research.
Research Question
To achieve the above objectives of the study, the following questions were postulated:
i. Are there differences in students’ agreeableness and emotional stability according to their gender?
ii. In what degree does the student emotional stability predict their academic performance in the studying of economics in secondary schools?
iii. Does gender affects agreeableness and emotional stability of academic performance of secondary schools student in studying economics
iv. What is the composite effect of the agreeableness and emotional stability on academic performance of student?
Significance of the Study
The purpose of the study is based on agreeableness and emotional stability as correlates of students’ academic performance, agreeableness being one of the factors affecting intelligence and cognitive faculties may have some role on academic performance of students. To formulate intervention measures and counseling objectives this research results can be taken as one of the input. This research study may further help to develop an awareness and insight among the Economics students at large with regard to their emotionality and academic performance. Further development on this research can be used for all stake holders in the education sector. Research results can as well be used as an integral part of counseling to improve academic performance.
Scope of the study
The scope of this study is to investigate the agreeableness and emotional stability as correlates of students’ academic performance in economics in Ondo State. The study covered the three (3) senatorial districts in Ondo State. That is, two (2) Senior Secondary School were selected from each senatorial district, which makeup of six (6) secondary schools all together. The study involved only the student between the ages of 15 to 21 years olds.
Delimitation of the Study
The study was carried out in Ondo State, which is located in South West region of Nigeria in West Africa. The study was limited to selected senior secondary school students from SS1 to SSS3 in public schools in Ondo State, and other environmental constraints that restrict the research of the study.
Definition of Terms
Agreeableness: can be defined as the attitudes of an individual towards other people. These attitudes may be soft hearted, trusting, or giving nature, cynical, vengeful, compassionate and ruthless.
Emotional stability: can be defined as having a congruent transition of emotional states and moderate emotional resilience to environmental influences.
Correlates: it means having a mutual relationship or connection, in which one thing affects or depends on another
Students: a person who formally engage in learning activities, especially in schools or college.
Academic performance: is the outcome of education, the extent to which a student, teacher or institution has achieve their educational goals.
Economic Concept: Economics is the study of the production and distribution of goods and services; it is the study of human efforts to satisfy unlimited wants with limited resources. A basic economics concept includes wants, scarcity, opportunity cost, choice and scale of preference.
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